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Franke et al. (2021) Results of 2‐Year Ring Testing of a Semifield Study Design to Investigate Potential Impacts of Plant Protection Products on the Solitary Bees Osmia Bicornis and Osmia Cornuta and a Proposal for a Suitable Test Design
There are various differences in size, behavior, and life history traits of non‐Apis bee species compared with honey bees (Apis mellifera; Linnaeus, 1758). Currently, the risk assessment for bees in the international and national process of authorizing plant protection products has been based on honey bee data as a surrogate organism for non‐ Apis bees.
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Lückmann, Kaiser, Blankenhagen (2020) Precision farming – consideration of reduced exposure in the pollinator risk assessment
Observed declines in the distribution and abundance of various insect species have moved the topic of biodiversity and the protection of honey bees, an insect species of particular economic interest, into the focus of public attention. This also resulted in an increasing public pressure to reform the European agricultural policy and as part of this to minimise the amount of synthetic plant protection products used.
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Mair et al. (2020) The Minimum Detectable Difference (MDD) Concept for Establishing Trust in Nonsignificant Results: A Critical Review
Current regulatory guidelines for pesticide risk assessment recommend that nonsignificant results should be complemented by the minimum detectable difference (MDD), a statistical indicator that is used to decide whether the experiment could have detected biologically relevant effects.
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Schabacker et al. (2020) Residue Levels of Pesticides on Fruits for Use in Wildlife Risk Assessments
The guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals (GD) provides generic residue values of pesticides on potential diet items for use in wildlife risk assessments. For most diet items, these values are based on a large number of residue studies.
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Schimera et al. (2020) Consideration of nectarivorous birds in wildlife risk assessments
In subtropical and tropical climate zones where crops exhibit a flowering phase before harvest, nectar-feeding birds (see table) may be attracted to crop flower nectar. We present points to consider on whether and how a nectarivorous avian scenario might be included in higher tier environmental risk assessment (ERA) for plant protection products (PPPs) and what data would be needed.
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Klopper et al. (2020) How to reduce computation effort for GUTS modelling while retaining output reliability for risk assessment use?
The practicability of approaches can influence their usability in environmental risk assessment (ERA). The anticipated 20- year data in aquatic RA would considerably amplify computational effort and therefore pose a challenge for General Unified Threshold Model of Survival (GUTS) applications in ERA.
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Lückmann et al. (2020) Precision pesticide application as a tool to reduced exposure of crop visiting pollinators?
Recent publications on severe declines of insects moved the topic of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes into the focus of public attention. Consequently, European policy is under increasing public pressure to minimize the amount of synthetic pesticides applied and to reform the criteria for their authorization and use.
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Ludwigs et al. (2019) Response to David R. Crocker and Steven D. Langton “When Is It Legitimate to Downplay Individual Differences?”
In their letter, Crocker and Langton (2019) critically discuss the approach of 21‐dMonte Carlo PT (portion of diet from a pesticidetreated area) simulations proposed in Ludwigs et al. (2017). The aim of this method is to assess realistic 21‐d PT values by including daily variability in habitat use for individual animals.
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Grimm et al. (2019) Bats, birds & shrews in environmental risk assessment
Bats are not specifically considered in pesticide risk assessments. The implicit assumption is that bats are covered by the current avian or mammalian risk assessment scheme according to EFSA (2009) which focusses on birds and mammals, such as rodents, shrews and lagomorphs.
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Sotti et al. (2019) Monitoring long term effects of a crop protection product on birds: a case study in citrus orchards in Italy
A common higher tier refinement option for wildlife is conducting field effect studies for the weight of evidence approach according to EFSA (2009).
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Montinaro, Grimm, Ludwigs (2019) Telemetry study on the common toad (Bufo bufo) during postbreeding migration through cereal fields in Germany
The recent Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles (EFSA 2018) points out the need to collect more data on the ecology of amphibians to reduce uncertainties when assessing the potential risks associated with exposure to pesticides.
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Lückmann et al. (2019) Chronic oral exposure of adult honey bees to PPPs: sensitivity and impact analysis of EFSA Bee GD
In 2013 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a guidance document (GD) on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees, which intended to provide guidance for notifiers and authorities in the context of the review of plant protection products (PPPs) and their active substances under Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 (EC 2009).
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