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Klein et al. (2022) Results of Ring‐Testing of a Semifield Study Design to Investigate Potential Impacts of Crop Protection Products on Bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and a Proposal of a Potential Test Design
In Europe, the risk assessment for bees at the European Union or national level has always focussed on potential impacts on honeybees. During the revision of the European Food Safety Authority bee guidance it was explicitly stated that bumblebees and solitary bees should be considered as well and consequently concerns were raised regarding the representativeness of honeybees for these other bee species.
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Ludwigs et al. (2022) Assessing the Portion of Diet Taken by Birds and Mammals from a Pesticide‐Treated Area—Proposal for a Joint Way Forward
An environmental risk assessment for birds and mammals is an important part of any application package for potential registration of pesticides in Europe. A realistic estimation of the exposure of a certain species to the pesticide under field conditions is a refinement factor in long‐term higher‐tier risk assessments.
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Franke et al. (2021) Results of 2‐Year Ring Testing of a Semifield Study Design to Investigate Potential Impacts of Plant Protection Products on the Solitary Bees Osmia Bicornis and Osmia Cornuta and a Proposal for a Suitable Test Design
There are various differences in size, behavior, and life history traits of non‐Apis bee species compared with honey bees (Apis mellifera; Linnaeus, 1758). Currently, the risk assessment for bees in the international and national process of authorizing plant protection products has been based on honey bee data as a surrogate organism for non‐ Apis bees.
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Lückmann, Kaiser, Blankenhagen (2020) Precision farming – consideration of reduced exposure in the pollinator risk assessment
Observed declines in the distribution and abundance of various insect species have moved the topic of biodiversity and the protection of honey bees, an insect species of particular economic interest, into the focus of public attention. This also resulted in an increasing public pressure to reform the European agricultural policy and as part of this to minimise the amount of synthetic plant protection products used.
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Schabacker et al. (2020) Residue Levels of Pesticides on Fruits for Use in Wildlife Risk Assessments
The guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals (GD) provides generic residue values of pesticides on potential diet items for use in wildlife risk assessments. For most diet items, these values are based on a large number of residue studies.
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Schimera et al. (2020) Consideration of nectarivorous birds in wildlife risk assessments
In subtropical and tropical climate zones where crops exhibit a flowering phase before harvest, nectar-feeding birds (see table) may be attracted to crop flower nectar. We present points to consider on whether and how a nectarivorous avian scenario might be included in higher tier environmental risk assessment (ERA) for plant protection products (PPPs) and what data would be needed.
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Grimm et al. (2019) Bats, birds & shrews in environmental risk assessment
Bats are not specifically considered in pesticide risk assessments. The implicit assumption is that bats are covered by the current avian or mammalian risk assessment scheme according to EFSA (2009) which focusses on birds and mammals, such as rodents, shrews and lagomorphs.
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Sotti et al. (2019) Monitoring long term effects of a crop protection product on birds: a case study in citrus orchards in Italy
A common higher tier refinement option for wildlife is conducting field effect studies for the weight of evidence approach according to EFSA (2009).
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1 MB
Montinaro, Grimm, Ludwigs (2019) Telemetry study on the common toad (Bufo bufo) during postbreeding migration through cereal fields in Germany
The recent Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles (EFSA 2018) points out the need to collect more data on the ecology of amphibians to reduce uncertainties when assessing the potential risks associated with exposure to pesticides.
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2 MB
Lückmann et al. (2019) Chronic oral exposure of adult honey bees to PPPs: sensitivity and impact analysis of EFSA Bee GD
In 2013 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a guidance document (GD) on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees, which intended to provide guidance for notifiers and authorities in the context of the review of plant protection products (PPPs) and their active substances under Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 (EC 2009).
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Ibrahim et al. (2019) A common issue Wildlife risk assessment supported by population modelling: a case study on potential herbicide effects on common vole populations
Environmental risk assessments ( for pesticides usually require higher tier data for the small herbivorous mammal scenario represented by the vole. Population modelling for a relevant vole species is one way to provide such data. This exemplarily case study conveys all relevant steps conducted in a population modelling application for higher tier ERA within a submission process.
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Montinaro et al. (2019) Telemetry of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) in vineyards – Are methods established for terrestrial vertebrate risk assessments effective in recording higher tier data for reptiles?
Habitats bordering vineyards represent primary habitats for reptiles. This taxon can become exposed when foraging between vineyards, where pesticide application is frequent. EFSA (2018) suggests the sand lizard as a focal species to represent other lacertids living in agricultural land.
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2 MB